- Heterochromatin Silencing
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Basic principles of heterochromatin formation
Characteristics of heterochromatin
Mechanisms
RNA and targeting
- Micro RNAs
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microRNA annotation and biogenesis
Modes of action
microRNAs and cancer
- mRNA Localisation
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RNA asymmetry in Xenopus oocytes:
- oocyte organisation
- mRNA distribution
mRNA localisation and Drosophila development:
- example of asymmetrically distributed RNAs
- mechanisms
RNA distribution in neuronal cells
Ash1 as an example for RNA localisation in Yeast
- Nuclear Cytoplasmic Trafficing
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Cellular organisation
The nucleus
Nuclear pore structure:
- Nuclear pore complex (NPC)
Nuclear transport mechanisms and transport cycles
RNA export:
- Pathways
- mRNA export
- models for mRNA export
- export pathways for other RNA species
- Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) in Plants
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Background
Gene silencing mechanisms
Virus induced PTGS
PTGS and siRNA
RNAi and PTGS
Virus induced gene silencing
RNA based silencing strategies in plants
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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rRNAs and RNA polymerase I transcripts
The nucleolus as the ribosome factory
Processing of eukaryotic rRNAs
snoRNPs
snoRNAs in rRNA processing
modification of rRNA:
- modifications and guide RNAs
Ribosome biogenesis pathways
Ribosome structure
- Riboswitches
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What are riboswitches?
Mode of action
A method to identify riboswitches in-line probing
Examples:
- Trp riboswitch
- Gly-riboswitch
- Thiamine pyrophosphate switch
- Guanine sensing switch
- Purine responsive switch
- 3 End Processing
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Principles of polyadenylation
Signals
Step by step through polyadenylation
Functions of the poly-A tail
Alternative poly-A site selection and antibody production
- RNA Binding Proteins
-
RNA recognition mechanisms
hnRNPs and many more
RNA binding motifs:
- RNA recognition motif (RRM)
- KH domain
- dsRBD
- RGG box
- 5 End Formation Capping
-
RNA polymerase II transcripts and their processing
The cap
Capping steps
The caps functions
- RNA Catalysis Ribozymes
-
Background
Ribozymes and overview
Catalysis mechanisms:
- Acid-base catalysis
- Metal ion catalysis
Examples for catalytic RNAs:
- Group I introns
- Group II introns
- Group II introns and the spliceosome
- RNase P
- Small ribozymes
Peptide bond formation and RNA the ribosome
- RNA Degradation
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RNA stability and half-life
Measuring the half-life
mRNA turnover in eukaryotes:
- Acid-base catalysis
- Metal ion catalysis
Examples for catalytic RNAs:
- regular mRNA decay - mRNA degradation in Yeast / Group II introns
- nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) - mRNA surveillance / NMD
- nonstop decay
- RNA Editing
-
Functions of RNA editing
Insertions and deletions:
- Post-transcriptional
- Transcriptional
Base conversions and substitutions:
- C to U
- U to C
- A to I
- RNA Splicing
-
Introduction
Chemistry of splicing
Spliceosome
Alternative splicing
Regulation of alternative splicing
Examples for alternatively spliced genes
Disease and splicing
Other types of RNA splicing:
- Self-splicing introns
- Trans-splicing
- RNA World
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- SELEX
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Introduction
RNA aptamers
Selected Ribozymes
Applications of aptamers
- Translation
-
tRNAs
The genetic code
Step by step through translation
- tRNA Processing and Modification
-
Maturation
RNase P
tRNA splicing
Modifications